The Fall Of The Flying Bank Management Essay

The Fall Of The Flying Bank Management Essay Schweizerische Luftverkehrs AG, also known as Swissair or SAir Group was founded on March 26, 1931 in Switzerland. Since the very beginning of its era, Swissair has been very successful in managing and implementing its strategies, and also winning the best airline award for decades. The company had a period of growth (Appendix 1) and grew rapidly till the mid 90s, after which there was an executive board members restructuring which caused a major turn of events in the companys history. Switzerland being an expensive destination for a business venture with rising costs and a population of only 7 million people, Swissair was aware of its limited growth potential in the domestic home market. Therefore during the period of mid 90s, Swissair adopted an equity based alliance strategy, also referred as the hunter strategy. The main aim of Swissair was to create an alliance with Europes other non-dominant airline firms and become efficient enough to compete with other stronger alliances. Thi s alliance was called Qualiflier. To make the alliance successful, Swissair bought small stakes in Air Littoral, Air Europe, Volare Group, LTU, AOM Minerve, LOT, South African Airways, TAP and Air Liberte, operating in Austria, Hungary, Finland, Ireland, Africa and many more. The biggest and worst investment decision made by Swissair in that period was buying equity in a Belgium carrier called Sabena. Sabena had posted a profit only twice in the entire companys history. These were bad investment decisions as all the firms except LOT and South African airlines posted a loss in the year of their acquisition, nor were they dominant players in their home markets. In this report, these failed strategic alliances are analyzed using Lasserres (2007) framework and theoretical models. Recommendations are made based on these findings, to illustrate how Swiss Air could have avoided bankruptcy. Contents Introduction The concept of two or more companies collaborating for mutual benefits through the formation of a strategic alliance has become more lucrative over the years and several airline companies have adopted this expansion strategy to gain a competitive advantage in a highly saturated market (Evans, 2001). Swiss Air was one of the companies that fell prey to the perils of risk laden strategic alliances. In the mid 1990s the European Aviation market was deregulated and various airlines began entering into strategic alliances so that they could facilitate growth by sharing their resources (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). Around the same time, a majority of the Swiss population voted against Switzerlands accession to the EEA (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This hindered the companies objective to expand and grow in the European market, and led to the formation of an equity based alliance strategy, also dubbed as the Hunter Strategy (Suen, 2002). Swiss Air had always been a company that was averse to risky st rategic choices, however in the course of diversifying their risk, the company made some questionable strategic decisions that increased their risk and made them more vulnerable to their investments financial performance (Suen, 2002). In this report Swiss Airs failed strategic alliances are analyzed and the key factors for the cause of failure are identified. These factors are highlighted by financial and performance data that helps us understand the major cause of Swiss Airs downfall. Various management issues coupled with bad investment decisions led to the failure of companies strategic alliances, however there were a few external factors that catalyzed the collapse of the Flying Bank (Evans, 2001). Based on the faults and errors committed by Swiss Air, few recommendations are listed in the report to underline what kind of strategic approach could have aided the company to successfully form a Global Reach Alliance (Lasserre, 2007). Problem Identification During the period of deregulation of the airline industry in Europe, major airlines were looking to form strategic alliances with various airlines in order to share their resources and capabilities, in the process gaining a competitive edge in the market. Swiss Air was one of the airlines that boasted the healthiest bank balance and was renowned for its safety and reliability (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). On December 1992 Swiss Air received an unexpected blow as 50.3 percent of the Swiss population voted against the inclusion of Switzerland in the European Economic Union (Chang and Williams, 2002). Due to the comparatively small population of Switzerland and low scope for growth, Swiss Air shifted its focus to Europe, with a strategic aim of holding 20 percent market share (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This objective was to be achieved by using the Hunter Strategy, an equity based strategy developed by McKinsey (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This would allow Swiss Air to purchase equity stakes in sm aller and less known carriers and create an independent alliance with these companies. This would help the company compete with some of the larger alliances dominant in the European market. The three generic strategies for airlines are growth, focus and low cost strategy (Kleymann and Seristo, 2004). According to strategic context and value potential this new growth strategy was not incorrect, however the implementation of the strategy was flawed (Suen, 2002). Using Philippe Lasserres (2007) framework for analysis we can identify the stage at which Swiss Air faced a roadblock and had to declare bankruptcy. After the failure of its early alliances, European Quality, Global Excellence and Atlantic Excellence, Swiss Air learnt from its mistakes and decided that deeper integration along with ownerships and control would provide them with natural exit barriers (Suen, 2002). The Hunter Strategy led to the creation of Qualiflyer, a European based alliance consisting of carriers like Austrian, Sabena, AOM France, Crossair, Lauda Air, TAP Portugal, and THY Turkish Airlines (Appendix 3) (Suen, 2002). Qualiflyer would provide Swiss Air the global reach and transnational flexibility that a global carrier required to remain competitive in the market (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). The competitive forces and prevalent factors in the industry pressurized Swiss Air to form a group alliance with these carriers. Swiss Airs major flaw in the implementation of this strategy was their failure to assess the strategic value of these equity-based alliances (Lasserre, 2007). The failure to create and capture value through an alliance is illustrated in Swiss Airs purchase of 49.5 percent equity stake in the Belgian airline Sabena, which was later increased to 85 percent. This equity-based investment was done knowing that they were breaching European laws that stated that a non-EU-based investor couldnt acquire more than 49.5 per cent share in a EU-based airline. Not only did they breach the law, they also agreed to compensate the Belgian Government for any damages they incur (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This equity-based alliance was the worst as Sabena had always been a loss-incurring airline and it proved to be a major liability to Swiss Air. Qualiflyer operated on a hub-and-spoke system, which meant that there were no bilateral agreements in the alliance and all members were required to contract any of their services to a Swiss Air, owned subsidiary. This in turn greatly increased the cost of an exit strategy as Swiss Air needed to inject large sums of capital into its financially weak partners in order to ensure Qualiflyer could create value (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). Apart from the implementation of the Hunter Strategy, there were a few fundamental flaws that led to the termination of Qualiflyer. This alliance damaged the companys brand image by primarily choosing second and third-rate carriers as partners. These carriers had previously been avoided by the other large alliances due to their inability to turn a profit (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). The September 2001 attack in USA was the nail in the coffin for Swiss Air as it marked a period of hardship for all airlines, leading to great losses in revenue. Swiss Airs unsuccessful alliance strategy was the main cause for the companys downfall, however there were certain external factors that made survival for the company extremely difficult (Suen, 2002). The Swiss vote against joining the EEA was the factor that led to the formulation of the hunter strategy. Strategic Recommendations Swiss Airs catastrophic downfall tarnished the image of their brand, led to the loss of thousands of jobs; stranded hundreds of people at airport and most importantly hurt the pride of the Swiss People (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). A string of bad business decisions coupled with external factors in the airline industry caused Swiss Air to lose their cash flow. In order to determine how such a crisis could have been avoided, Lasserres (2007) framework for analysis of strategic alliances will be applied. After identifying the companys strategic and operational issues, it can be determined that they went wrong on most stages of the framework. The Hunters Strategy would have succeeded in the strategic context if they had assessed the value potential of this alliance (Hayes, 1996). The Qualiflyer Alliance was fundamentally a coalition alliance, where Swiss Air would get a more global reach in the industry by combining the members resources and capabilities. Swiss Air strived to create a certain standard of service for its passengers that would inculcate their values of punctuality, safety and luxury (Lasserre, 2007). However this was not possible, as they had chosen second and third-grade carriers, which in turn affected their own brand image. They should have carefully chosen their partners, using certain tools to ensure success. This is discussed in detail later in the report. Subsequently, they failed to challenge any of the larger alliances in Europe at that point in time. This takes us to the second factor in the framework, which deals with partners fit (Lasserre, 2007). This stage in the framework evaluates the viability of the strategic alliance. As stated earlier in the report, Sabena was a loss-making airline in the start and by choosing to purchase 49 .5 percent equity in the company Swiss Air made one of their worst financial investments. Year after year, Sabena kept incurring a loss, which drained a lot of capital from Swiss Air (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). It can be determined that Sabena was not a good strategic fit for Swiss Air and proves that they should have conducted an effective partner analysis (Lasserre, 2007). Swiss Air chose to enter into equity-based alliances with several carriers so they had a certain degree of control (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). In order to distribute and diversify their risk, they ventured into several other fields such as hotels, catering and aircraft maintenance (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). All in all they had around 252 subsidiaries (Appendix 2) under their companys name (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). The various subsidiaries and financially weak partners drained a lot of their capital reserves, which eventually led to a strain on their cash flow. A much leaner organizational structure would have assisted the effective management of resources and capital. The final factor in Lasseres (2007) framework deals with the implementation of the strategy. This is where the company faltered the most and part of the blame can be put on their current board members managerial decisions at that time (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). A lot of their bad investment decisions could have been avoided if the board consisted of members who were well versed with the intricate workings of the airline industry (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). Their Hunter Strategy was devised with the consultancy services provided by McKinsey Co, a US based company, which did not have the adequate knowledge of the European Airline industry (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). There was a restructuring of the board and all members who recognized the threats to Swiss Air were removed (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). The shortcomings and mistakes made by the board can be analyzed by the Resource Dependence theory, which illustrates how the external resources in the industry affected their decisions (Casciaro and Piskorski, 2005). The Resource Dependence theory and Group Conformity theory explain how the board pulled out of a potential alliance with a large European carrier due to their hesitance over the degree of control they would have (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). This illustrates the inexperience and lack of knowledge within the newly structured board, especially how the members allowed the Hunter Strategy to be implemented because they did not want any di sruptive behavior within the board (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). Swiss Air should have strictly followed the critical success factors for a successful strategic alliance so that they could focus on all aspects of the alliance instead of focusing on their scope of control (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). The best solution to prevent such problems from recurring would be to alter the laws and regulations within the EFTA to ensure no other company follows in the footsteps on Swiss Air. Legislative changes to corporate governance requirements should be made to ensure that the members of the board of an airline are experienced and have adequate knowledge of the dynamics of the industry (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). Risk management is an important ability that is required in a company that has huge global exposure such as Swiss air, the ability to foresee and evaluate contingencies are required when it comes to alliances that were formed by Swiss Air. Swiss air could have given higher emphasis to risk management and contingency planning in order to be more efficient and competitive in the market (Lasserre, 2007). As stated above, major reasons of the bankruptcy were external factors, relating to macro-economic issues and an economic slowdown, Successful Contingency planning and evaluation of the economic risks could have averted these issues related to the economic deregulation (Lasserre, 2007). Conclusion Through the years the aviation industry has proven to be volatile and drastically changing, the aviation companies globally have had to adapt to the changes to help them fortify or maintain their position in a market. In the early 1990s the formation of the EEA was a pivotal factor for the liberalization of the laws in several countries within the European region, this proved to be an asset for countries within the region but Switzerland opted not to join the EEA (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This decision negatively affected its national airline Swiss Air, who then attempted to maintain its position in the market by forming equity based strategic alliances. The company formed these alliances on the basis of the Hunter Strategy, the strategy theoretically poised to give optimistic results but the implementation is always crucial for the success, this is where Swiss Air faltered. The reason for the poor implementation would be largely due to inefficiency of the management team of the compa ny, the management chose scope of control as a priority which led to the negligence of prioritizing the other factors that lead to a successful strategic alliance (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). The company made grave errors and faced the consequences accordingly; to ensure that success is achieved for the company it must include people with experience and knowledge within the management. The company should also consider the possibility of circumstances where contingency planning would be required as there could be many unforeseen risks in the aviation industry. A strategy is only effective if implemented correctly, Swiss Air made crucial mistakes in their decision making process, there was lack of contingency planning and several wrong investments. All these factors contributed largely to the downfall of the once reputed and respected Flying Bank.

Sample Project Portfolio Document

Major Projects of Tiger IT Major Projects of Tiger IT DOC ID: TGIBD-PREXP-100911-RFTSQB Abstract: Tiger IT is a world leader in biometrics and identity management solutions. It has more than 10 years of experience in developing turn-key solutions for different governments and industries. This document briefly outlines the different range of projects that Tiger IT has worked on. Keywords: About, Tiger, IT, TigerIT, Enrollment, Registration, AFIS, ID, Biometrics, Automated, Fingerprint, Matching, Identification, History, Background, Projects, Profile, ClientsTigerIT Bangladesh Limited House # 134, Road # 12, Block E, Banani, Dhaka-1213 Copyright  © 2011 This document contains information which is proprietary to Tiger IT Bangladesh Ltd. Use or disclosure of any material in this document without Tiger IT’s consent is prohibited. www. tigeritbd. com 1 Major Projects of Tiger IT Client: Bangladesh Road Transport Authority Project Name: Supply, Installation, and Commissioning of Hi gh Security Driving License Card, Enrolment System, Register System, Personalization System with Related Logistics, Services, and Training on Turn- ­? Key Basis Country: Bangladesh Date:April 2011 BRTA will use Tiger IT’s solution that records a driver’s photograph, fingerprints, signature, among other details and stores them in a highly secure and rugged smart card. The information will both be printed on the card and stored inside an encrypted chip that can be verified and updated by BRTA officials. The card itself will have multiple security printing techniques, some of which are visible to naked eye while others require specific instruments to check. BRTA estimates over 200,000 smart card based driving licenses will be issued using Tiger IT’s solution ever year. Tiger It is delivering he complete solution that includes biometric enrollment/registration, centralized database, application processing and issuance automation module, AFIS for de- ­? duplicati on, card printing and inventory management, and driver verification service. The scope of work includes the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Alpha- ­? numeric and Biometrics Enrollment in 64 locations (up to 20,000 registrations per month) Application processing and workflow automation for card issuance Relational Database Management System AFIS for 5 million records (4 fingers each) Card Printing, QC, and Inventory Management (over 200,000 card ssuance per year) Driver Verification from Smart Card (on PC and handheld devices) Various Web Service interfaces, including online pre- ­? enrollment in second phase Five years Maintenance with installation, operation and commissioning of the software www. tigeritbd. com 2 Major Projects of Tiger IT Client: Government of Cambodia Project Name: Cambodian National ID Project Country: Bangladesh Date: May 2011 Tiger IT is working in Cambodia for registration, database development, operation, and is suance of national ID cards for citizens of Cambodia. Tiger IT’s highly reputed biometrics capture and AFIS is in he heart of the project. The AFIS provided in the project is responsible for 2. 2 million records in first phase and additional 10 million records in second phase. The records will encompass 10 fingers each. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Total support for 150 mobile stations and 70 fixed stations for complete biometrics enrollment from all provinces Central database with full- ­? fledged reporting and administration support AFIS for 2. 2 million records for first phase and 10 million in next phase (10 fingers for each record) Smart Card Issuance (Personalization, Quality Control, and Inventory Management) Client: Bangladesh RapidAction Battalion (RAB) Project Name: Multimodal Biometric Project for Criminal Database Country: Bangladesh Date: June 2011 This solution uses both fingerprint and iris matching to perform de- ­? duplication. Biometrics enrollment an d fully functional Data Matching, Fingerprint Matching, and Iris Matching solution is major focus of the project. Apart from migration, Tiger IT is developing and incorporating multi- ­? biometric module to integrate with the existing RAB Criminal Database developed from www. tigeritbd. com 3 Major Projects of Tiger IT IBM Lotus Note Domino Server to Oracle 11g Enterprise Edition.Through this module new/old criminal information will be inserted, updated, deleted and identified along with the biometric features. Furthermore, the developed solution will also incorporated multi- ­? biometric module to capture information into the RAB Criminal database. 20 remote locations will be used and support for 200,00 criminal records will be provided. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Project has a high- ­? end biometrics enrollment solution to be used in 20 different locations Secure online and offline data transfer from enrollment site to datacenter Developm ent and Migration of Relational Database Management SystemThe AFIS system should support up to 200,000 citizen records for 1:N matching Customized Query, Work Flow Automation, Report Generation Training of RAB officials On- ­? site support for 36 months First biometric identity management solution in the history of Bangladesh to integrate fingerprint and iris matching in one project. Client: Bangladesh Election Commission Project Name: Supply, Installation, and Commissioning of Voters Registration System of Bangladesh Election Commission with Related Logistics, Services, Civil & Electrical Works and Training on Turnkey Basis Country: Bangladesh Date: October 2010The Voters Register System consists of a Data Center, a Disaster Recovery System and over 600 remote locations throughout Bangladesh. It comprises all the hardware, middleware, application software, infrastructure, interfaces and services to provide a turnkey solution. The www. tigeritbd. com 4 Major Projects of Tiger IT V oters Register will store 100 million voters with their bio data, photo, 4 fingerprints and signature. BEC wanted an integrated online solution connecting all remote locations to the central system. The BEC wanted to acquire hardware and solution that is fully compliant with the principles f service oriented architecture. The scope of work includes the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Central   Voters Register Software Relational Database Management System Disaster Recovery System Voter Register Client Software license Ident Station Software license Management Information Software Voters List Generator Software Database Servers for Data Center and Disaster Recovery System Data Storage for Data Center and Disaster Recovery System Printers to Print Voters Lists Management Information Stations Administration Stations †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Enroll Station Peripherals Identification Station peripheralsTr aining of all central staff Installation, commissioning and operation of the Voter Register System including all necessary works for infrastructural development/set up (electrical, civil etc works/services) Various Web Service interfaces Provide onsite maintenance for 1 year Five years Maintenance Installation, operation and commissioning of the software †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ www. tigeritbd. com 5 Major Projects of Tiger IT Client: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Nepal Project Name: Security Printing, Supply and Delivery, Installation of Equipments and Preparation of Machine Readable Passports Country: NepalDate: 2010 Tiger IT is working in collaboration with Oberthur Technologies in the Machine Readable Passport (MRP) project for the Government of Nepal. Tiger IT is providing the software solution for capturing data into the system with ICR. Tiger IT provided a solution capable of printing issuing 4000 passports per day. The MRP personalization center has a num ber of transaction points. These are as follows: †¢ ICR form receiving point †¢ Data verification stations †¢ ICR form scanning stations †¢ Personalization stations †¢ Dual data entry/edit stations †¢ QA Stations †¢ Foreign missions stations †¢ MRP handover oint www. tigeritbd. com 6 Major Projects of Tiger IT The ICR forms are collected in a batch and scanned using the document scanners. During the scan the software will separate the text, signature and photo, maintaining good resolution of the photograph and the signature so that they can be used for personalization of the MRP. The form image will also be scanned for the data entry/edit station operators to use. Other features of the project are similar to the ones described previously. Client: Bangladesh Election Commission Project Name: Supply, Installation, and Commissioning of Automated FingerprintIdentification System (AFIS) with Datacenter Hardware and Related De- ­? Duplication Serv ice for the Current Database of Bangladesh Election Commission (BEC) with Training on Turn- ­? Key Basis Country: Bangladesh Date: June 2010 A clean de- ­? duplicated database that eliminates fake voter registrations was the main purpose of the project. This tender was issued by PERP (Preparation of Electoral Roll with Photographs) project under the Election Commission Secretariat. PERP had hired international biometric experts as consultants for the preparation of the tender specifications and evaluation of the proposals.Stringent requirements were set to ensure that only the most qualified vendor wins the project. Prior to the award of the contract a validation test of the AFIS was also performed for the eligible vendors. After a competitive evaluation, Tiger IT Bangladesh Ltd. was awarded the contract on June 2010 as the most eligible vendor. Tiger IT has successfully delivered the AFIS capable of de- ­? duplicating 100 million records with all necessary datacenter hardware . The de- ­? duplication is now underway, working at present with 85 million records. (Each record in the project has 4 fingers. ) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 50 AFISMatching Cluster Servers 2 x Quad- ­? Core Intel Xeon Processor 24 GB DDR3, 1333MHz RAM 2 x 146 GB SAS, 15K hot- ­? plug hard drives, Min upgrade to 8 HDD Linux 64 bit OS, Java runtime 64 bit, Oracle 11g Delivery timeframe: 32 weeks www. tigeritbd. com 7 Major Projects of Tiger IT Client: UNDP, Bangladesh Project: Cleansing and Migration of Electoral Database of Bangladesh Election Commission Country: Bangladesh Date: May 2010 The United Nations Development Programme (â€Å"UNDP†) in Bangladesh engaged Tiger IT in order to perform services in respect of â€Å"Cleansing and Migration of Electoral Database of BangladeshElection Commission. † The scope of work included the following: Database migration to †¢ Installation of hardware/software/storage required for migration Oracle †¢ Back up of all migrated data on other backup devices †¢ Provide quality validation of migrated data †¢ Ensure data is not corrupted during migration †¢ Transfer of knowledge to BEC personnel, in terms of training, documentation, and any other preferred method by BEC Data cleansing †¢ Prepare a validated cleansing plan †¢ Identify data to be cleaned †¢ Transliterate Bengali data to English www. tigeritbd. com 8 Major Projects of Tiger IT †¢ †¢ †¢ Application evamp †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Extension of reporting features †¢ Secure API †¢ †¢ Design validation scripts to validate the clean data 99% of identifiable unclean data should be cleaned Ensure appropriate infrastructure and resources are used for this operation Porting existing application to new platform Change the application platform from PHP to Java to support new features Addition and change in business logic as per requirements of BEC Addit ion of new features Implement a general purpose reporting tool that will help the EC generate their own reports on demand New reports with extended summary features Secure API

Solutions to Sat Essay Examples

Solutions to Sat Essay Examples The key issue is that if you've got more than 1,500 points it's already great. Pick a prompt at random from above, or select a topic that you believe will be hard that you detach from (because you're going to want to write about this issue, instead of the argument) set timer to 50 minutes and compose the essay. Now you have a notion of what the test itself is, let's talk about why you require it. In the event you copy somebody else's ideas and words or won't even bother to compose a few lines, you'll get zero points. Your essay is going to be assessed in three scoring categories, every one of which will be contained on your score report. Your essay rating will appear on every score report you send to colleges, no matter whether the school demands an essay. Our five SAT essay suggestions to help you make a great SAT writing score. The key for an ideal score on the SAT essay is to utilize your time wisely and keep concentrated on the undertakin g. The majority of the expert British Essay writers state our organization i. The space is enough to compose a five-paragraph essay. There are likewise a few quick suggestions on the best way to compose the essay at the conclusion of the manuscript. Nowadays it is extremely difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Just use the very best word that you're able to think about. The format is straightforward, and with a small practice, you can learn to compose a good SAT essay. Moreover, the essay format has changed too. You should find out the format of an effective essay and the way to complete a comprehensive essay within 50 minutes. What's Actually Happening with Sat Essay Examples Moral issues became clouded, making it rather flexible evidence for an assortment of SAT essay prompts. Additionally, state schools likewise don't advise taking the SAT essay, even though there are some variations within states. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the majority of our clients require is essay writing. The usa has demonstrated that we are able to make progress. Want to Know More About Sat Essay Examples? Explain the point you're making with the help of a particular example Explain that, under certain conditions, the opposite point of view may be correct. If it's the v ery first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a lot of questions. You'll ideally need to compose two or three practice essays before you sit for the actual thing. Likewise reading through answer choices without being aware of what you're searching for can help it become really hard to obtain the most suitable answer. The GPA requirement that actually matters is the GPA you require for a true likelihood of getting in. Scores are critical to getting past their very first round of filters. You have an extremely great opportunity of raising your score, which will significantly boost your likelihood of getting in. 1 approach to acquire a notion of what colleges are searching for is to read some great. If a college has a more specific requirement, it is going to be clearly stated on their site, but for a lot of students, two tests in regions of strength will result in the finest possible application for the broadest selection of colleges. Every student necessitates help with homework from time to time. There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You can also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. The revisions are completely free! You need to use evidence from the text to back up your explanation. Whispered Sat Essay Examples Secrets Explain the point you're making with the help of a particular example. There is likewise an opinion that between 1,550 and 1,600 there's no precise difference. The principal point is, you don't need to wait until you find the prompt to come up with an arsenal of sorts of argument-building techniques you may use to back up your points. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. Th e Most Popular Sat Essay Examples The essay a part of the on-line application and is submitted online. With practice, you will have a terrific toolbox of references and examples prepared to go. There are a few websites that provide completely free help with essays. Tell our experts what sort of homework help on the internet you will need to get. It helps to clearly show your intellectual vitality. The point here is not that there's no wage inequality. The clarity of the argument and the dearth of errors stay consistent from start to complete. If you do know the official provisions, however, don't hesitate to use them!

Standard Conditions Versus Standard State

Standard conditions, or STP, and standard state both are used in scientific calculations, but they dont always mean the same thing. Key Takeaways: Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) vs Standard State Both STP and standard state conditions are commonly used for scientific calculations.STP stands for Standard Temperature and Pressure. It is defined to be  273 K (0 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm pressure (or 105  Pa).The definition of standard state conditions specifies 1 atm of pressure, that liquids and gases be pure, and that solutions be at 1 M concentration. Temperature is not specified, although most tables compile data at  25 degrees C (298 K).STP is used for calculations involving gases that approximate ideal gases.Standard conditions are used for any thermodynamic calculation.Values cited for STP and standard conditions are based on ideal conditions, so they may deviate slightly from experimental values. STP is short for Standard Temperature and Pressure, which is defined to be 273 K (0 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm pressure (or 105 Pa). STP describes standard conditions and is often used for measuring gas density and volume using the Ideal Gas Law. Here, 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L. An older definition used atmospheres for pressure, while modern calculations are for pascals. Standard state conditions are used for thermodynamic calculations. Several conditions are specified for the standard state: The standard state temperature is 25 degrees C (298 K). Note that temperature is not specified for standard state conditions, but most tables are compiled for this temperature.All gases are at 1 atm pressure.All liquids and gases are pure.All solutions are at 1M concentration.The energy of formation of an element in its normal state is defined as zero. Standard state calculations may be performed at another temperature, most commonly 273 K (0 degrees Celsius), so standard state calculations may be performed at STP. However, unless specified, assume standard state refers to the higher temperature. Standard Conditions Versus STP Both STP and standard state specify a gas pressure of 1 atmosphere. However, the standard state isnt usually at the same temperature as STP. The standard state also includes several additional restrictions. STP, SATP, and NTP While STP is useful for calculations, its not practical for most lab experiments because they arent usually conducted at  0 degrees C. SATP may be used, which means Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure. SATP is at 25 degrees C (298.15 K) and 101 kPa (essentially 1 atmosphere, 0.997 atm). Another standard is NTP, which stands for Normal Temperature and Pressure. This is defined for air at  20 degrees C (293.15 K, 68 degrees F) and 1 atm. There is also ISA, or International Standard Atmosphere, which is  101.325 kPa, 15 degrees C and 0 percent humidity, and ICAO Standard Atmosphere, which is atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg and a temperature of  5 degrees C (288.15 K or 59 degrees F). Which One to Use? Usually, the standard you use is either the one for which you can find data, the one closest to your actual conditions or the one required for a specific discipline. Remember, the standards are close to actual values, but wont exactly match real conditions.